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To date, there are no allergenic extracts or components available in Brazil to diagnosis and treatment of patients with venom allergy from social wasp (Vespidae Family; Polistinae Subfamily) despite of the great number of existing species. We evaluated the immunogenic potential of the Hyal recombinant protein (Pp-Hyal-rec) which was expressed in an insoluble form in comparison with the allergenic...
The aim of this work was to study the effects of protodioscin ingestion in two different flocks of sheep: a flock of 23 crossbreed Mato Grosso do Sul Native sheep raised on Brachiaria spp. pastures from birth (experienced flock) in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul; and another flock (naïve flock) of 18 crossbred Dorper × Santa Inês sheep raised in the state of Paraná in Paspalum notatum and Lolium...
Palythoa caribaeorum is a zoanthid (Phylum Cnidaria, class Anthozoa) commonly found in shallow waters of coral reefs along the Mexican Atlantic coast. Little is known on the pharmacological and biochemical properties of the venom components of this animal group. Toxin peptides from other cnidarian venoms, like sea anemones, target sodium and potassium voltage-gated channels. In this study, we tested...
Venom generally comprises a complex mixture of compounds representing a non-trivial metabolic expense. Accordingly, natural selection should fine-tune the amount of venom carried within an animal's venom gland(s). The venom supply of scolopendromorph centipedes likely influences their venom use and has implications for the severity of human envenomations, yet we understand very little about their...
Ureases are multifunctional proteins that display biological activities independently of their enzymatic function, such as induction of exocytosis and insecticidal effects. Rhodnius prolixus, a major vector of Chagas' disease, is a model for studies on the entomotoxicity of jack bean urease (JBU). We have previously shown that JBU induces the production of eicosanoids in isolated tissues of R. prolixus...
Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin is a binary toxin composed of an enzymatic component (C2I) and binding component (C2II). The activated binding component (C2IIa) forms heptamers and the oligomer with C2I is taken up by receptor-mediated endocytosis. We investigated the intracellular trafficking of C2 toxin. When MDCK cells were incubated with C2I and C2IIa at 37 °C, C2I colocalized with C2IIa in cytoplasmic...
The present work reports cerebellar degeneration in cattle associated with the ingestion of Solanum subinerme in northern Brazil. The main clinical signs were periodic crises with loss of balance, falls, opisthotonus, and nystagmus. The histological lesions consisted of diffuse vacuolation of the perikaryon of the Purkinje neurons, followed by the loss of these cells and their substitution by Bergman...
Type A Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT/A), the most potent poison known to mankind, is produced by Clostridium botulinum type A as a complex with neurotoxin-associated proteins (NAPs). Currently BoNT/A in purified and complex forms are both available in therapeutic and cosmetic applications to treat neuromuscular disorders. Whereas Xeomin ® (incobotulinumtoxin A, Merz Pharmaceuticals, Germany)...
Consumption of amphibian eggs and larvae by crayfish has been widely reported despite many amphibians being unpalatable and/or toxic to other predators. The aim of this review was to gather information regarding the consumption and/or avoidance of toxic amphibians by these omnivores. We then appraised the extent of toxin consumptive ability in terms of crayfish phylogenetic history so as to speculate...
The cytotoxicity of three Stenocarpella maydis metabolites (diplodiatoxin, dipmatol and diplonine) was investigated on Neuro-2a, CHO-K1 and MDBK cell lines. Diplodiatoxin was the most cytotoxic followed by dipmatol. Conversely, diplonine was not cytotoxic. Diplodiatoxin and dipmatol affected mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (MTT assay) and the overall viability of cells as assessed in real-time...
BlL, a galactose-binding C-type lectin purified from Bothrops leucurus snake venom, exhibits anticancer activity. The current study was designed to elucidate the cellular mechanisms by which BlL induces melanoma cell death. The viabilities of B16-F10 melanoma cells and HaCaT keratinocytes treated with BlL were evaluated. Necrotic and apoptotic cell death, cytosolic Ca 2+ levels, mitochondrial...
Several biochemical and hematological changes in horses are observed during production of snake antivenom. Although conventional adjuvants like Freund's (Complete and Incomplete) are good immunopotentiators, they produce considerable local reactions in animals. Variety of commercial adjuvants, like montanide adjuvants, having high immunopotentiation and showing lesser side effects are available. The...
We study the effect of all Tityus discrepans venom components on macrophage alterations. Only seven toxins called “Inflammatory Toxin” (InfTx1-7) induced cell changes. Incubation with InfTx1 through InfTx5 rose macrophage NO level at 2 h toxin exposure. Cells rose NO release by 4 h exposure with InfTx2 and InfTx5, the NO levels reached concentrations similar or higher than the induced by lipopolysaccharides...
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